Introduction to Linux

Linux can seem technical and confusing, but it’s simpler than you think. At its core, Linux is an operating system (OS) - the essential software that allows you to use devices like computers, tablets, and even some TVs and microwaves. While simpler devices have basic operating systems, personal computers have more complex ones.

Most people use Windows or macOS on their computers and Android or iOS on their phones. However, Linux is the go-to OS for servers, powering over 90% of them. Servers are computers that provide internet services, and they often run Linux because it’s efficient, standardized, and free.

Though Linux isn’t as common on personal computers, it forms the base of Android and is renowned for being open source and customizable.

What is Linux?

Linux, technically, refers to the kernel, the core part of an OS that interacts with hardware. The full OS is called GNU/Linux. This name comes from the GNU project started by Richard Stallman in the 80s to create a free OS and Linus Torvalds, who developed the Linux kernel.

Linux is different from Windows and macOS in that it’s mostly free and open-source software (FOSS). This means the code is available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute.

Linux Distros

Creating a Linux OS from scratch is complex, so many Linux distributions (distros) exist to make it easier. Distros bundle the Linux kernel with various software and tools. Here are some key distros:

  • Debian: A base for popular distros like Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and others.
  • Arch Linux: Known for its simplicity and customization.
  • Red Hat: Focused on enterprise environments, leading to distros like Fedora and CentOS.
  • Gentoo: A highly customizable and performance-focused distro known for its source-based package management system.
  • NixOS: A distro featuring a unique package manager that allows for reliable and reproducible system configurations.

Installing Software on Linux

To set up your own Linux OS, you need:

  1. The system core (kernel)
  2. System launcher (like systemd)
  3. Drivers for hardware
  4. Desktop environment (like GNOME or KDE)
  5. Basic apps (file manager, browser, etc.)

Linux uses package managers to install software. Common ones include apt for Debian-based distros and pacman for Arch-based ones. You can install software via terminal commands, downloading packages, or using scripts.

Customizing Linux (Ricing)

Linux is highly customizable. You can tweak the interface and functions extensively, a practice known as “ricing.” Communities like r/UnixPorn showcase these customizations.

Pros and Cons

Advantages:

  • Open source and free
  • Secure against malware
  • Large supportive community

Disadvantages:

  • Some hardware and software compatibility issues
  • Fewer proprietary applications available

Learning Linux

Using Linux, especially a distro like Arch, teaches you a lot about how computers work. It’s great for privacy, efficiency, and minimalism.

Conclusion

Linux offers a secure, customizable, and free operating system with a strong community. It might take some time to adapt, but once you do, you’ll likely appreciate its flexibility and power.